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John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-13T15:32:14Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-13T15:30:47Z

Economic

Olav: /* Economic */

2013-07-12T09:34:03Z

Economic

Olav: /* Economic */

2013-07-12T09:33:16Z

Economic

Olav: /* Economic */

2013-07-12T09:31:22Z

Economic

Olav: /* Economic */

2013-07-12T09:30:48Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-05-15T13:39:33Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-05-15T13:38:49Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-05-15T13:07:59Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-05-15T13:06:52Z

Economic

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 Case example: Aviation security
-{{quote|Stewart and Mueller (2008)<ref name = "SMue">Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008): A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures. Springer Science.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis of the Federal Air Marshal Service and hardening cockpit doors as security measures against terrorist events like 9/11. They conclude that even if the Federal Air Marshal Service prevents one 9/11 replication each decade, the $900 million annual spending on Air Marshal Service fails a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|cost-benefit analysis]] at an annual estimated cost of $180 million per life saved (compared to a [[Social cost-benefit analysis#Value of a statistical life (VASL)|societal willingness to pay]] to save a life of $1 - $10 million per saved life). On the other hand, Stewart and Mueller (2008) <ref name="SMue"></ref> conclude that with $40 million per year, target hardening of cockpit doors is one of the most cost-effective security measures with an annual cost of $800,000 per life saved.}}
+{{quote| Security experts Stewart and Mueller (2008)<ref name = "SMue">Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008): A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures. Springer Science.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis of the Federal Air Marshal Service and hardening cockpit doors as security measures against terrorist events like 9/11. They conclude that even if the Federal Air Marshal Service prevents one 9/11 replication each decade, the $900 million annual spending on Air Marshal Service fails a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|cost-benefit analysis]] at an annual estimated cost of $180 million per life saved (compared to a [[Social cost-benefit analysis#Value of a statistical life (VASL)|societal willingness to pay]] to save a life of $1 - $10 million per saved life). On the other hand, Stewart and Mueller (2008) <ref name="SMue"></ref> conclude that with $40 million per year, target hardening of cockpit doors is one of the most cost-effective security measures with an annual cost of $800,000 per life saved.}}
 === Mobility ===

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 Case example: Aviation security
-{{quote|Stewart and Mueller (2008)<ref name = "SMue">Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis of the Federal Air Marshal Service and hardening cockpit doors as security measures against terrorist events like 9/11. They conclude that even if the Federal Air Marshal Service prevents one 9/11 replication each decade, the $900 million annual spending on Air Marshal Service fails a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|cost-benefit analysis]] at an annual estimated cost of $180 million per life saved (compared to a [[Social cost-benefit analysis#Value of a statistical life (VASL)|societal willingness to pay]] to save a life of $1 - $10 million per saved life). On the other hand, Stewart and Mueller (2008) <ref name="SMue"></ref> conclude that with $40 million per year, target hardening of cockpit doors is one of the most cost-effective security measures with an annual cost of $800,000 per life saved.}}
+{{quote|Stewart and Mueller (2008)<ref name = "SMue">Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008): A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures. Springer Science.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis of the Federal Air Marshal Service and hardening cockpit doors as security measures against terrorist events like 9/11. They conclude that even if the Federal Air Marshal Service prevents one 9/11 replication each decade, the $900 million annual spending on Air Marshal Service fails a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|cost-benefit analysis]] at an annual estimated cost of $180 million per life saved (compared to a [[Social cost-benefit analysis#Value of a statistical life (VASL)|societal willingness to pay]] to save a life of $1 - $10 million per saved life). On the other hand, Stewart and Mueller (2008) <ref name="SMue"></ref> conclude that with $40 million per year, target hardening of cockpit doors is one of the most cost-effective security measures with an annual cost of $800,000 per life saved.}}
 === Mobility ===

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 Case example: Aviation security
-{{quote|Stewart and Mueller (2008)<ref name = "SMue">Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis of the Federal Air Marshal Service and hardening cockpit doors as security measures against terrorist events like 9/11. They conclude that even if the Federal Air Marshal Service prevents one 9/11 replication each decade, the $900 million annual spending on Air Marshal Service fails a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|cost-benefit analysis]] at an annual estimated cost of $180 million per life saved (compared to a [[Social cost-benefit analysis#Value of a statistical life (VASL)|societal willingness to pay]] to save a life of $1 - $10 million per saved life). On the other hand, Stewart and Mueller (2008) <ref>Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> conclude that with $40 million per year, target hardening of cockpit doors is one of the most cost-effective security measures with an annual cost of $800,000 per life saved.}}
+{{quote|Stewart and Mueller (2008)<ref name = "SMue">Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis of the Federal Air Marshal Service and hardening cockpit doors as security measures against terrorist events like 9/11. They conclude that even if the Federal Air Marshal Service prevents one 9/11 replication each decade, the $900 million annual spending on Air Marshal Service fails a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|cost-benefit analysis]] at an annual estimated cost of $180 million per life saved (compared to a [[Social cost-benefit analysis#Value of a statistical life (VASL)|societal willingness to pay]] to save a life of $1 - $10 million per saved life). On the other hand, Stewart and Mueller (2008) <ref name="SMue"></ref> conclude that with $40 million per year, target hardening of cockpit doors is one of the most cost-effective security measures with an annual cost of $800,000 per life saved.}}
 === Mobility ===

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 Case example: Aviation security
-{{quote|Stewart and Mueller (2008)<ref>Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis of the Federal Air Marshal Service and hardening cockpit doors as security measures against terrorist events like 9/11. They conclude that even if the Federal Air Marshal Service prevents one 9/11 replication each decade, the $900 million annual spending on Air Marshal Service fails a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|cost-benefit analysis]] at an annual estimated cost of $180 million per life saved (compared to a [[Social cost-benefit analysis#Value of a statistical life (VASL)|societal willingness to pay]] to save a life of $1 - $10 million per saved life). On the other hand, Stewart and Mueller (2008) <ref>Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> conclude that with $40 million per year, target hardening of cockpit doors is one of the most cost-effective security measures with an annual cost of $800,000 per life saved.}}
+{{quote|Stewart and Mueller (2008)<ref name = "SMue">Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis of the Federal Air Marshal Service and hardening cockpit doors as security measures against terrorist events like 9/11. They conclude that even if the Federal Air Marshal Service prevents one 9/11 replication each decade, the $900 million annual spending on Air Marshal Service fails a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|cost-benefit analysis]] at an annual estimated cost of $180 million per life saved (compared to a [[Social cost-benefit analysis#Value of a statistical life (VASL)|societal willingness to pay]] to save a life of $1 - $10 million per saved life). On the other hand, Stewart and Mueller (2008) <ref>Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> conclude that with $40 million per year, target hardening of cockpit doors is one of the most cost-effective security measures with an annual cost of $800,000 per life saved.}}
 === Mobility ===

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 Case example: Aviation security
-{{quote|Stewart and Mueller (2008)<ref>Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis of the Federal Air Marshal Service and hardening cockpit doors as security measures against terrorist events like 9/11. They conclude that even if the Federal Air Marshal Service prevents one 9/11 replication each decade, the $900 million annual spending on Air Marshal Service fails a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|cost-benefit analysis]] at an annual estimated cost of $180 million per life saved (compared to a [[Social cost-benefit analysis#Value of a statistical life (VASL)|societal willingness to pay]] to save a life of $1 - $10 million per saved life). On the other hand, Stewart and Mueller <ref>Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> conclude that with $40 million per year, target hardening of cockpit doors is one of the most cost-effective security measures with an annual cost of $800,000 per life saved.}}
+{{quote|Stewart and Mueller (2008)<ref>Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis of the Federal Air Marshal Service and hardening cockpit doors as security measures against terrorist events like 9/11. They conclude that even if the Federal Air Marshal Service prevents one 9/11 replication each decade, the $900 million annual spending on Air Marshal Service fails a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|cost-benefit analysis]] at an annual estimated cost of $180 million per life saved (compared to a [[Social cost-benefit analysis#Value of a statistical life (VASL)|societal willingness to pay]] to save a life of $1 - $10 million per saved life). On the other hand, Stewart and Mueller (2008) <ref>Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> conclude that with $40 million per year, target hardening of cockpit doors is one of the most cost-effective security measures with an annual cost of $800,000 per life saved.}}
 === Mobility ===

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 Good planning keeps common activities close to transportation lines and hubs, minimising the need for transport and enabling individuals and transportation companies to use different modes of transport.
-In general, security threats will have a negative effect on the function of transportation hubs, limiting the mobility of a society as whole. As a result the positive economic impact of an efficient transportation system will be partly reversed (the [[Economic impact of security threats|economic impact of security threats]]). While modern science and technology has made it possible to come up with very advanced technologies for mitigating security threats, at the same time, these security measures have high capital, operating and maintenance costs, also referred to as the [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]] (see case example below). Hence, cost-effective security measures for transit hubs require not only familiarity with the technological aspects of these measures, but also with the the financial and risk aspects.
+In general, security threats will have a negative effect on the function of transportation hubs, limiting the mobility of a society as whole. As a result the positive economic impact of an efficient transportation system will be partly reversed (the [[Economic impact of security threats|economic impact of security threats]]). While modern science and technology has made it possible to come up with very advanced technologies for mitigating security threats, at the same time, these security measures have high capital, operating and maintenance costs, also referred to as the [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]] (see case example below). Hence, cost-effective security measures for transit hubs require not only familiarity with the technological aspects of these measures, but also with the the financial and risk elements involved.
 Case example: Aviation security

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 In general, security threats will have a negative effect on the function of transportation hubs, limiting the mobility of a society as whole. As a result the positive economic impact of an efficient transportation system will be partly reversed (the [[Economic impact of security threats|economic impact of security threats]]). Security measures such as directing traffic flows and access control, can reduce these negative impacts, but also have an impact on mobility themselves, also referred to as the [[Economic impact of security measures|economic impact of security measures]] (see case example below).
-Case example: dedicated surveillance on location
+Case example: Aviation security
 {{quote|Stewart and Mueller (2008)<ref>Stewart, M.G., J. Mueller (2008). ''A risk and cost-benefit assessment of United States aviation security measures''. Springer Science.</ref> performed a cost-benefit analysis of the Federal Air Marshal Service and hardening cockpit doors as security measures against terrorist events like 9/11. They conclude that even if the Federal Air Marshal Service prevents one 9/11 replication each decade, the $900 million annual spending on Air Marshal Service fails a [[Social cost-benefit analysis|cost-benefit analysis]] at an annual estimated cost of $180 million per life saved (compared to a [[Social cost-benefit analysis#Value of a statistical life (VASL)|societal willingness to pay]] to save a life of $1 - $10 million per saved life). On the other hand, Stewart and Mueller <ref>Ibid.</ref> conclude that with $40 million per year, target hardening of cockpit doors is one of the most cost-effective security measures with an annual cost of $800,000 per life saved.}}