Health facilities - Revision history

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-13T15:45:27Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-13T15:44:50Z

Economic

John P: /* Economic */

2013-11-13T15:42:52Z

Economic

Olav: /* Mobility */

2013-07-10T12:49:50Z

Mobility

Olav: /* Description */

2013-07-10T12:47:39Z

Description

Olav at 12:46, 10 July 2013

2013-07-10T12:46:16Z

Florian: /* Social */

2013-06-05T13:26:33Z

Social

Florian: /* Social */

2013-06-05T13:24:14Z

Social

Albert: /* Measures */

2013-05-16T15:34:54Z

Measures

Albert: /* Security Issues */

2013-05-16T15:34:41Z

Security Issues

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 The impact of security threats is primarily crime related (e.g. burglary, theft of medicine, violence and aggression against patients and employees). Crime generates [[Economic effects of crime|costs]] in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of property), and in response to crime (police investigation, costs of the legal system, etc.).
-Apart from the more traditional security measures such as policing, alarm systems, surveillance and regulatory bodies, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>. Nevertheless, also security measures create negative [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|economic effects]].
+Apart from the more traditional security measures such as policing, alarm systems, surveillance and regulatory bodies, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>. Keep in mind, however, that also security measures create both positive and negative [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|economic effects]].
 === Mobility ===

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 The impact of security threats is primarily crime related (e.g. burglary, theft of medicine, violence and aggression against patients and employees). Crime generates [[Economic effects of crime|costs]] in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of property), and in response to crime (police investigation, costs of the legal system, etc.).
-Apart from the more traditional security measures such as policing, alarm systems, surveillance and regulatory bodies, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>.
+Apart from the more traditional security measures such as policing, alarm systems, surveillance and regulatory bodies, the ‘[[Designing out approach|designing out]]’ or '[[Sustainable design|sustainable design]]' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage<ref>In general, these measures demand larger investments than traditional security measures, but at the same time they are able to avoid future costs due to the long-term prevention of crime.</ref>. Nevertheless, also security measures create negative [[Economic effects of anti-crime security measures|economic effects]].
 === Mobility ===

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 === Economic ===
-The economic function of health infrastructure is to ensure the health of the population and workforce. Moreover, health infrastructure creates direct employment ([[economic impact]]) to health care professionals of all levels of education<ref>Especially in smaller cities, health infrastructure belongs to the largest local employers</ref>. As a [[Secondary economic impact|secondary economic impact]], health infrastructure creates jobs and income by purchasing goods and services from other supplying businesses and organisations.
+The economic function of health infrastructure is to ensure the health of the population and workforce. Moreover, health infrastructure creates direct employment ([[economic impact]]) to health care professionals of all levels of education<ref>Especially in smaller cities, health infrastructure belongs to the largest local employers.</ref>. As a [[Secondary economic impact|secondary economic impact]], health infrastructure creates jobs and income by purchasing goods and services from other supplying businesses and organisations.
 The impact of security threats is primarily crime related (e.g. burglary, theft of medicine, violence and aggression against patients and employees). Crime generates [[Economic effects of crime|costs]] in anticipation of crime (e.g. locks, surveillance, etc.), as a consequence of crime (loss of property), and in response to crime (police investigation, costs of the legal system, etc.).

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 The mobility associated with the different health infrastructure facilities will vary significantly depending on the type of facility, its location, the availability of public transportation modes and the patient population.
-Usually health facilities will need good [[Accessibility|accessibility]] and therefore be located at places with good public transportation and car parking options.
+Usually health facilities will need good [[Accessibility|accessibility]] and therefore will be located at places with good public transportation, good and well connected road infrastructure and car parking options.
 === Safety ===

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 == Description ==
-Health infrastructure can occur in varying sizes and levels of intensity, often dependent upon the primary focus of the infrastructure. They can range in size from small health centres, designed to serve a small community or residential areas up to large acute hospitals which cover large urban areas. At various levels, healthcare provision is often a contentious issue, and this includes the urban planning sphere. At the micro level, the interior design of a health care facility is carefully considered. This includes the quality of the hospital room, its safety and the relationship between nurses and patients. The meso level relates to the design of the building as a whole, the relationship of that building to the community - whether a medical complex or a surrounding neighborhood - and then, at the macro level, the design of communities for the health of their residents<ref>'Health Designers Harness Urban Planning' - Interview with Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Joanna Lombard (2010) 'Health Progress' . In: Journal of the Catholic Health Association of the United States. Available at: www.chausa.org. Accessed on 11 March 2013.</ref>.
+Health infrastructure can occur in varying sizes and levels of intensity, often dependent upon the primary focus of the infrastructure. They can range in size from small health centres, designed to serve a small community or residential areas up to large general hospitals which cover large urban areas. At various levels, healthcare provision is often a contentious issue, and this includes the urban planning sphere. At the micro level, the interior design of a health care facility is carefully considered. This includes the quality of the hospital room, its safety, and the relationship between nurses and patients. The meso level relates to the design of the building as a whole, the relationship of that building to the community - whether a medical complex or a surrounding neighborhood - and then, at the macro level, the design of communities for the health of their residents<ref>'Health Designers Harness Urban Planning' - Interview with Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Joanna Lombard (2010) 'Health Progress' . In: Journal of the Catholic Health Association of the United States. Available at: www.chausa.org. Accessed on 11 March 2013.</ref>.
 == Functions ==

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 [[Category:Urban object]]
-[[File:Health.jpg|right|200x200px|link=]]'''Health Facilities''' are [[Public services and facilities]] designed to provide medical care to the public.
+[[File:Health.jpg|right|200x200px|link=]]'''Health Facilities''' are [[public services and facilities]] designed to provide medical care to the public.
 == Description ==

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 == Functions ==
 === Social ===
-The key social functions of health infrastructure is in the provision of health care to those who require it. Since this involves a feeling of dependence, citizens' [[Risk_perception_mechanisms|perception of risks]] to health-related infrastructure may be substantially above professional vulnerability assessments. This should be considered in urban planning, and risk/vulnerability assessment methods applied should include [[citizen participation]]-based methods in order to address [[Public_services_and_facilities#Social|social aspects of built infrastruture dedicated to public services and facilities]].
+The key social functions of health infrastructure is in the provision of health care to those who require it. Since this involves a feeling of dependence, citizens' [[Risk_perception_mechanisms|perception of risks]] to health-related infrastructure may be substantially above professional vulnerability assessments. This should be considered in urban planning, and risk/vulnerability assessment methods applied should include [[citizen participation]]-based methods in order to address [[Public_services_and_facilities#Social|social aspects of built infrastructure dedicated to public services and facilities]].
 === Economic ===

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 * [[Security issue: Mass killing|Mass killing]] and the associated [[Security issue: Destruction by fanatics|destruction of property by fanatics]] can be another security consideration relevant in areas with strong (ethnic) conflicts, as large volumes of people can be converging on a hospital seeking medical attention or in search of injured relatives, which not only leads to safety risks such as people getting oppressed in the crows, but also provides another attractive target for mass killing.
-=== Measures ===
+== Measures ==
 The measures for each type of security issue can be found on the respective pages. There are few measures that are generally suited or unsuited to this kind of urban object, but some specific considerations can be mentioned:

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 * facilities to assure a timely retreat to a safe environment for the people present in case of incidents ([[Evacuation Management]]).
-=== Security Issues ===
+== Security Issues ==
 * [[image:Intensivstation (01) 2007-03-03.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Intensive care unit with expensive equipment]][[Security issue: Burglary|Burglary]]: the risk of theft is always present, especially of medicines which may hold black market value, and this risk is ever present in all types and sizes of health infrastructure, especially in urban areas.