External effects - Revision history

Albert at 23:18, 19 January 2018

2018-01-19T23:18:12Z

Albert at 17:42, 10 January 2018

2018-01-10T17:42:38Z

John P: /* Types of external effects */

2013-10-28T11:37:31Z

Types of external effects

John P at 11:36, 28 October 2013

2013-10-28T11:36:13Z

Albert at 22:43, 30 January 2013

2013-01-30T22:43:11Z

Albert: Text replace - "website=(.*)" to ""

2013-01-30T18:51:58Z

Text replace - "website=(.*)" to ""

Albert: Text replace - "(.*)" to ""

2013-01-30T17:25:10Z

Text replace - "<websiteFrame>(.*)" to ""

Albert: Text replace - "= MAP =" to ""

2013-01-30T16:30:13Z

Text replace - "= MAP =" to ""

Albert: Text replace - "= {{PAGENAME}} =" to ""

2013-01-30T15:27:40Z

Text replace - "= {{PAGENAME}} =" to ""

John P: /* Types of external effects */

2012-12-21T15:42:18Z

Types of external effects

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 * '''Non-environmental externalities''': "Hidden costs, such as those borne by tax-payers in the form of subsidies, research and development costs, or benefits like employment opportunities, although for the latter it is debatable whether it constitutes an external benefit in the welfare economics sense"<ref name=EWEA></ref>.
-External effects can be both a [[primary economic impact|primary]] or a [[belongs to::secondary economic impact|secondary]] impact.
+External effects can be both a [[primary economic impact|primary]] or a [[secondary economic impact|secondary]] impact.
 ==Related subjects==

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 External costs are related to the principles of welfare economic, and refer to the idea that activities developed by a certain party can adversely affect the well-being of a third party, e.g. the next door neighbors of a nuclear power plant.
-By definition, private markets do not include external effects or their costs in their investment projects. It is therefore important to identify the external effects and then to monetise the related external costs, for example, with the help of a [[can be done by::Social cost-benefit analysis]]. This so-called "internalisation" of external effects has to be achieved by adequate policy measures, such as taxes.
+By definition, private markets do not include external effects or their costs in their investment projects. It is therefore important to identify the external effects and then to monetise the related external costs, for example, with the help of a [[Social cost-benefit analysis]]. This so-called "internalisation" of external effects has to be achieved by adequate policy measures, such as taxes.
 == Types of external effects ==
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 * '''Non-environmental externalities''': "Hidden costs, such as those borne by tax-payers in the form of subsidies, research and development costs, or benefits like employment opportunities, although for the latter it is debatable whether it constitutes an external benefit in the welfare economics sense"<ref name=EWEA></ref>.
-External effects can be both a [[belongs to::primary economic impact|primary]] or a [[belongs to::secondary economic impact|secondary]] impact.
+External effects can be both a [[primary economic impact|primary]] or a [[belongs to::secondary economic impact|secondary]] impact.
 ==Related subjects==

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 Externalities can be classified in two main categories:
 [[File:Kivioli chemical plant.JPG|thumb|Kivioli chemical plant]]
-* '''Environmental and human health externalities''': "These can additionally be classified as local, regional or global, referring to climate change caused by emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> or destruction of the ozone layer by emissions of CFCs or SF6" <ref name=EWEA>The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). Wind Energy; The Facts. Online: [http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/ http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/]</ref>.
+* '''Environmental and human health externalities''': "These can additionally be classified as local, regional or global, referring to climate change caused by emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> or destruction of the ozone layer by emissions of CFCs or SF6" <ref name=EWEA>The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). Wind Energy; The Facts. Online: http://www.ewea.org/eu-funded-projects/completed-projects/wind-energy-the-facts-ii/</ref>.
 * '''Non-environmental externalities''': "Hidden costs, such as those borne by tax-payers in the form of subsidies, research and development costs, or benefits like employment opportunities, although for the latter it is debatable whether it constitutes an external benefit in the welfare economics sense"<ref name=EWEA></ref>.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Category:Economic]][[Category:Social]]
-[[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''External economic effects''' are changes in welfare due to an urban development project with which the owners, exploiters and users are not taking account of during the decision process. Put differently, external effects are benefits and costs which arise when the social or economic activities of one group of people have an impact on another, and when the first group fails to fully account for their impacts<ref>European Commission (1994). Common Market Expert Group, The Economic Cost of Traffic Accidents, COST
+[[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''External economic effects''' are changes in welfare due to an urban development project with which the owners, exploiters and users are not taking account of during the decision process. Put differently, external effects are benefits and costs which arise when the social or economic activities of one group of people have an impact on another, and when the first group fails to fully account for their impacts<ref>European Commission (1994): Common Market Expert Group, The Economic Cost of Traffic Accidents.COST
 .</ref>.
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 Externalities can be classified in two main categories:
 [[File:Kivioli chemical plant.JPG|thumb|Kivioli chemical plant]]
-* '''Environmental and human health externalities''': "These can additionally be classified as local, regional or global, referring to climate change caused by emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> or destruction of the ozone layer by emissions of CFCs or SF6" <ref>The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). Wind Energy; The Facts. [http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/ http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/]</ref>.
+* '''Environmental and human health externalities''': "These can additionally be classified as local, regional or global, referring to climate change caused by emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> or destruction of the ozone layer by emissions of CFCs or SF6" <ref name=EWEA>The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). Wind Energy; The Facts. Online: [http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/ http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/]</ref>.
-* '''Non-environmental externalities''': "Hidden costs, such as those borne by tax-payers in the form of subsidies, research and development costs, or benefits like employment opportunities, although for the latter it is debatable whether it constitutes an external benefit in the welfare economics sense"<ref name="ftn10">The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). Wind Energy; The Facts. [http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/ http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/]</ref>.
+* '''Non-environmental externalities''': "Hidden costs, such as those borne by tax-payers in the form of subsidies, research and development costs, or benefits like employment opportunities, although for the latter it is debatable whether it constitutes an external benefit in the welfare economics sense"<ref name=EWEA></ref>.
 External effects can be both a [[belongs to::primary economic impact|primary]] or a [[belongs to::secondary economic impact|secondary]] impact.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Category:Economic]][[Category:Social]]
 [[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]'''External economic effects''' are changes in welfare due to an urban development project with which the owners, exploiters and users are not taking account of during the decision process. Put differently, external effects are benefits and costs which arise when the social or economic activities of one group of people have an impact on another, and when the first group fails to fully account for their impacts<ref>European Commission (1994). Common Market Expert Group, The Economic Cost of Traffic Accidents, COST
 .</ref>.
@@ Line 32: / Line 30: @@
 {{references}}
-http://securipedia.eu/cool/index.php?wiki=securipedia.eu&concept=External_effects
-height=1023
-width=100%
-border=0
-scroll=auto
-align=middle
-</websiteFrame>
-<headertabs/>

@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
-<websiteFrame>
 website=http://securipedia.eu/cool/index.php?wiki=securipedia.eu&concept=External_effects
 height=1023