Critical infrastructure - Revision history

Hans: /* Consideration of critical infrastructures in the urban planning process */

2013-12-10T09:57:37Z

Consideration of critical infrastructures in the urban planning process

Hans: /* Reducing vulnerability */

2013-12-10T09:56:51Z

Reducing vulnerability

Hans: /* Consideration of critical infrastructures in the urban planning process */

2013-12-10T09:55:39Z

Consideration of critical infrastructures in the urban planning process

Olav: /* Critical infrastructure sectors */

2013-08-15T14:04:23Z

Critical infrastructure sectors

Olav: /* Description */

2013-08-15T14:03:22Z

Description

Olav at 13:53, 15 August 2013

2013-08-15T13:53:16Z

Albert: /* Description */

2013-08-14T11:47:24Z

Description

Albert: /* Description */

2013-08-14T11:47:15Z

Description

Albert: /* Description */

2013-08-14T11:47:00Z

Description

Albert at 11:25, 14 August 2013

2013-08-14T11:25:06Z

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 * One object has the same vulnerabilities as another object it depends on or that depends on it (as illustrated by the examples of the crisis teams being located on one side of the Elbe, or locating both a sewage processing plant and a power plant in the same flood-prone area);
 * The object might be affected by a vulnerability of another object in the vicinity (as illustrated by the example of the location of government services along known demonstration paths, or locating a chemical plant in the path of an airport).
 ==Reducing vulnerability==

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 * One object has the same vulnerabilities as another object it depends on or that depends on it (as illustrated by the examples of the crisis teams being located on one side of the Elbe, or locating both a sewage processing plant and a power plant in the same flood-prone area);
 * The object might be affected by a vulnerability of another object in the vicinity (as illustrated by the example of the location of government services along known demonstration paths, or locating a chemical plant in the path of an airport).
 ==Reducing vulnerability==
-Reducing vulnerability of critical infrastructures is  an important issue and should be an integrated part of the urban planning practice. The CRS Report for Congress Homeland Security<ref>Reducing the Vulnerability of Public and Private Information Infrastructures to Terrorism: An Overview [2004]</ref> identifies three general principles in the context of critical infrastructure protection. The three general principles are:
+Reducing vulnerability of critical infrastructures is  an important issue and should be an integrated part of the urban planning practice. The CRS Report for Congress Homeland Security<ref>Reducing the Vulnerability of Public and Private Information Infrastructures to Terrorism: An Overview, 2004.</ref> identifies three general principles in the context of critical infrastructure protection. The three general principles are:
 #The first principle emphasizes the establishment and practice of comprehensive continuity and recovery plans.
 #The second principle focuses on the decentralization of operations and the effectiveness of distributed communications. The lesson of decentralizing operations can be applied to the structure and location of an organization’s  operations.

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 * One object has the same vulnerabilities as another object it depends on or that depends on it (as illustrated by the examples of the crisis teams being located on one side of the Elbe, or locating both a sewage processing plant and a power plant in the same flood-prone area);
 * The object might be affected by a vulnerability of another object in the vicinity (as illustrated by the example of the location of government services along known demonstration paths, or locating a chemical plant in the path of an airport).
+==Reducing vulnerability==
+Reducing vulnerability of critical infrastructures is  an important issue and should be an integrated part of the urban planning practice. The CRS Report for Congress Homeland Security<ref>Reducing the Vulnerability of Public and Private Information Infrastructures to Terrorism: An Overview [2004]</ref> identifies three general principles in the context of critical infrastructure protection. The three general principles are:
+#The first principle emphasizes the establishment and practice of comprehensive continuity and recovery plans.
+#The second principle focuses on the decentralization of operations and the effectiveness of distributed communications. The lesson of decentralizing operations can be applied to the structure and location of an organization’s  operations.
+#The third principle involves the institutionalization of system redundancies to eliminate single points of weakness. In this context, the lesson of employing redundant service providers is applied primarily to telecommunications services.
 {{references}}

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 * production, storage and transport of dangerous goods (e.g. chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials);
 * government (e.g. critical services, facilities, information networks, assets and key national sites and monuments).
-Although drafted for use on national scale, this list can also serve as a guideline what can be considered critical infrastructures in an urban context, as the interconnectedness of these networks is equally valid on an urban scale. For example: A power failure will disrupt the telephone system equally independent of the scale of the outage: it can affect the switchboards, the cellular antennas, company telephone exchanges and the fixed telephones at people’s homes, this in its turn affects the possibilities of people to communicate, for example to call the alarm line.
+Although drafted for use on national scale, this list may also serve as a guideline what can be considered critical infrastructures in an urban context, as the interconnectedness of these infrastructures is equally valid on an urban scale. For example: A power failure will disrupt the telephone system equally independent of the scale of the outage: it can affect the switchboards, the cellular antennas, company telephone exchanges and the fixed telephones at people’s homes, this in its turn affects the possibilities of people to communicate, for example to call the alarm line.
 ==Cascading effects and its origins==

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 ==Description==
-The functioning of modern societies relies heavily on a number of infrastructures, such as electricity, gas, water management and information and communication technologies. The disruption of these infrastructures may have serious consequences for the economy and well-being of citizens. As these infrastructures are increasingly becoming interconnected, the protection of these Critical Infrastructures  becomes increasingly important and more and more a responsibility of not only individual companies, but society as a whole.
+Modern societies relies heavily on a number of infrastructures such as electricity, gas, water management, and information and communication technologies. The disruption of these infrastructures will have serious consequences for the economy and well-being of citizens. As these infrastructures are becoming increasingly interconnected, the protection of these Critical Infrastructures  becomes increasingly important and protecting those infrastructures is nolonger the responsibility of individual companies or government bodies but of society as a whole.
-This protection includes natural, technical, organizational and human threats, both intended (such as terrorist acts) and accidentally (such as road accidents or human oversight). This is also known as an [[All-hazard approach|all-hazard approach]].
+Protecting Critical Infrastructure implies safeguarding those structures form natural, technological, organizational and human threats. Regardsless whether the threats are intended (such as terrorist acts) or accidentally (such as road accidents or human oversight). This is also known as an [[All-hazard approach|all-hazard approach]].
 ==Critical infrastructure sectors==

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 [[Category:Urban environment]]
 [[File:ae.png|25px|right|This is a page providing background in a specific field of expertise]]
-'''Critical infrastructures''' (commonly abbreviated as CI) are those physical and information technology facilities, networks, services, and assets, which, if disrupted or destroyed, would have a serious impact on the health, safety, security and/or economic well-being of citizens or the effective functioning of societies or governments<ref>Derived from EU: Council Directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the Identification and Designation of European Critical Infrastructures and the Assessment of the need to Improve their Protection. Official Journal of the European Union L 345/75, 2008. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:345:0075:0082:EN:PDF [last access: 2010-10-14].</ref>.
+'''Critical infrastructures''' (commonly abbreviated as CI) are those physical and information technology facilities, networks, services, and assets, which, if disrupted or destroyed, will have a serious impact on the health, safety, security and/or economic well-being of citizens or the effective functioning of societies or governments<ref>Derived from EU: Council Directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the Identification and Designation of European Critical Infrastructures and the Assessment of the need to Improve their Protection. Official Journal of the European Union L 345/75, 2008. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:345:0075:0082:EN:PDF [last access: 2010-10-14].</ref>.
 ==Description==

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 ==Description==
 The functioning of modern societies relies heavily on a number of infrastructures, such as electricity, gas, water management and information and communication technologies. The disruption of these infrastructures may have serious consequences for the economy and well-being of citizens. As these infrastructures are increasingly becoming interconnected, the protection of these Critical Infrastructures  becomes increasingly important and more and more a responsibility of not only individual companies, but society as a whole.
-This protection includes natural, technical, organizational and human threats, both intended (such as terrorit acts) and accidentally (such as road accidents or human oversight).
+This protection includes natural, technical, organizational and human threats, both intended (such as terrorist acts) and accidentally (such as road accidents or human oversight).
 ==Critical infrastructure sectors==
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 ==Consideration of critical infrastructures in the urban planning process==
-As the urban planner has a societal responsibility and the oportunity to look beyond the interests of individual organisations, it is the responsibility of the urban planner to consider the consequences of locating a particular function in a particular environment. This is not new, but is (and has always been) one of the added values of the urban planner. However, the explicit consideration of the societal importance of infrastructures, their interrelatedness and shared weaknesses is relatively new. Indications an increased attention for the criticality of infrastructures might be required, are:
+As the urban planner has a societal responsibility and the opportunity to look beyond the interests of individual organisations, it is the responsibility of the urban planner to consider the consequences of locating a particular function in a particular environment. This is not new, but is (and has always been) one of the added values of the urban planner. However, the explicit consideration of the societal importance of infrastructures, their interrelatedness and shared weaknesses is relatively new. Indications an increased attention for the criticality of infrastructures might be required, are:
-* One or more vulnerable objects are close enough located by to allow the impact of an incident in one object to affect the other object (as seen in the example of the day-care co-located with an embassy);
+* One or more vulnerable objects are close enough located by to allow the impact of an incident in one object to affect the other object (as illustrated by the example of the day-care co-located with an embassy);
-* One object has the same vulnerabilities as another object it depends on or that depends on it (as seen in the examples of the crisis teams being located on one side of the Elbe, or locating both a sewage processing plant and a power plant in the same flood-prone area);
+* One object has the same vulnerabilities as another object it depends on or that depends on it (as illustrated by the examples of the crisis teams being located on one side of the Elbe, or locating both a sewage processing plant and a power plant in the same flood-prone area);
-* The object might be affected by a vulnerability of another object in the vicinity (as illustrated by the example of the location of government services along known demonstation paths, or locating a chemical plant in the path of an airport).
+* The object might be affected by a vulnerability of another object in the vicinity (as illustrated by the example of the location of government services along known demonstration paths, or locating a chemical plant in the path of an airport).
 {{references}}