All-hazard approach - Revision history

Olav: /* Relevance for urban planning */

2013-08-15T10:54:16Z

Relevance for urban planning

Olav: /* Background */

2013-08-15T10:49:47Z

Background

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Background

Olav: /* Background */

2013-08-15T10:43:26Z

Background

Olav: /* Description */

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Description

Olav: /* Description */

2013-08-15T10:42:03Z

Description

Olav: /* Description */

2013-08-15T10:38:42Z

Description

Albert: /* Description */

2013-08-14T12:23:36Z

Description

Albert at 12:20, 14 August 2013

2013-08-14T12:20:19Z

Florian at 12:32, 4 February 2013

2013-02-04T12:32:02Z

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 ==Relevance for urban planning==
-A complete all-hazard plan for urban planning requires input from an all-hazard team (experts and all [[stakeholders]]) and includes exhaustive information for all risks and events. Following the EU's Risk Assessment and Mapping Guidelines, the EU's all-hazard approach to critical infrastructure protection could drive legislative change that is relevant for urban planning. The process towards a European Risk Atlas could also help urban planners identify new or so far not sufficiently assessed criticalities in their planning decisions and in urban infrastructure. This could then help forseeing timely and appropriate measures to increase resilience of infrastructure, such as for example by methods of [[environmental design]].
+A complete all-hazard plan for urban planning requires input from an all-hazard team (experts and all [[stakeholders]]) and includes exhaustive information for all risks and events. Following the EU's Risk Assessment and Mapping Guidelines, the EU's all-hazard approach to critical infrastructure protection could drive legislative change that is relevant for urban planning. The process towards a European Risk Atlas could help urban planners identify new or so far insufficiently assessed criticalities in their planning decisions and in urban infrastructure. This could help to anticipate thereats, and appropriate measures to increase resilience of infrastructure. An example of the latter is by methods of [[environmental design]].
 {{references}}

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 ==Background==
-The all-hazard approach began in the field of disaster and emergency management and then spread to [[critical infrastructure|critical infrastructure protection]]. It has gained ground on an international scale (e.g. [http://training.fema.gov/AllHazards/FEMA], [http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/preparedness.shtm DHS], [http://www.ahcusa.org/ AHC], [http://www.icsm.gov.au/all-hazards/index.html ICSM], see also GAO 2005<ref>GAO (2005): HOMELAND SECURITY. DHS’ Efforts to Enhance First Responders’ All-Hazards Capabilities. Continue to Evolve. Report to the Chairman and Ranking Democratic Member, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. GAO-05-652 United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved from: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05652.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Commonwealth Australia 2009<ref>Commonwealth of Australia (2009): Australian Emergency Management Arrangements. Published by The Attorney-General’s Department. ISBN 978-1-921152-15-3.Retrieved from: http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Australian%20Emergency%20Management%20Arrangements.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Bullock et al. 2009<ref>Bullock Jane, Haddow George, Coppola Damon P., Yeletaysi Sarp (2009): Introduction to Homeland Security: Principles of All-Hazards Response. 3rd Ed. Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN: 978-1856175098</ref>). Together with the [[comprehensive approach]] in [[security]] policies, and European and national security research, the all-hazard approach is advancing to meet current and future threats. This development is fuelled by the need to integrate information, assessment, policies, capacities, and capabilities better.
+The all-hazard approach began in the field of disaster and emergency management and then spread to [[critical infrastructure|critical infrastructure protection]]. It has gained ground on an international scale (e.g. [http://training.fema.gov/AllHazards/FEMA], [http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/preparedness.shtm DHS], [http://www.ahcusa.org/ AHC], [http://www.icsm.gov.au/all-hazards/index.html ICSM], see also GAO 2005<ref>GAO (2005): HOMELAND SECURITY. DHS’ Efforts to Enhance First Responders’ All-Hazards Capabilities. Continue to Evolve. Report to the Chairman and Ranking Democratic Member, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. GAO-05-652 United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved from: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05652.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Commonwealth Australia 2009<ref>Commonwealth of Australia (2009): Australian Emergency Management Arrangements. Published by The Attorney-General’s Department. ISBN 978-1-921152-15-3.Retrieved from: http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Australian%20Emergency%20Management%20Arrangements.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Bullock et al. 2009<ref>Bullock Jane, Haddow George, Coppola Damon P., Yeletaysi Sarp (2009): Introduction to Homeland Security: Principles of All-Hazards Response. 3rd Ed. Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN: 978-1856175098</ref>). Together with the [[comprehensive approach]] in [[security]] policies, and European and national security research, the all-hazard approach is advancing to meet current and future threats. This development is fuelled by the need to optimize the integration of information, assessment, policies, capacities and capabilities.
 ==All-hazard approach in the EU==

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ==Background==
-The all-hazard approach began in the field of disaster and emergency management and then spread to [[critical infrastructure|critical infrastructure protection]]. It has gained ground on the international scale (e.g. [http://training.fema.gov/AllHazards/FEMA], [http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/preparedness.shtm DHS], [http://www.ahcusa.org/ AHC], [http://www.icsm.gov.au/all-hazards/index.html ICSM], see also GAO 2005<ref>GAO (2005): HOMELAND SECURITY. DHS’ Efforts to Enhance First Responders’ All-Hazards Capabilities. Continue to Evolve. Report to the Chairman and Ranking Democratic Member, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. GAO-05-652 United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved from: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05652.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Commonwealth Australia 2009<ref>Commonwealth of Australia (2009): Australian Emergency Management Arrangements. Published by The Attorney-General’s Department. ISBN 978-1-921152-15-3.Retrieved from: http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Australian%20Emergency%20Management%20Arrangements.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Bullock et al. 2009<ref>Bullock Jane, Haddow George, Coppola Damon P., Yeletaysi Sarp (2009): Introduction to Homeland Security: Principles of All-Hazards Response. 3rd Ed. Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN: 978-1856175098</ref>) and, together with the [[comprehensive approach]] in [[security]] policies and European and national security research, has been advanced in order to meet current and future threats. The basis to meet this goal is better integration of information, assessment, policies, capacities and capabilities.
+The all-hazard approach began in the field of disaster and emergency management and then spread to [[critical infrastructure|critical infrastructure protection]]. It has gained ground on an international scale (e.g. [http://training.fema.gov/AllHazards/FEMA], [http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/preparedness.shtm DHS], [http://www.ahcusa.org/ AHC], [http://www.icsm.gov.au/all-hazards/index.html ICSM], see also GAO 2005<ref>GAO (2005): HOMELAND SECURITY. DHS’ Efforts to Enhance First Responders’ All-Hazards Capabilities. Continue to Evolve. Report to the Chairman and Ranking Democratic Member, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. GAO-05-652 United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved from: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05652.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Commonwealth Australia 2009<ref>Commonwealth of Australia (2009): Australian Emergency Management Arrangements. Published by The Attorney-General’s Department. ISBN 978-1-921152-15-3.Retrieved from: http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Australian%20Emergency%20Management%20Arrangements.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Bullock et al. 2009<ref>Bullock Jane, Haddow George, Coppola Damon P., Yeletaysi Sarp (2009): Introduction to Homeland Security: Principles of All-Hazards Response. 3rd Ed. Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN: 978-1856175098</ref>). Together with the [[comprehensive approach]] in [[security]] policies, and European and national security research, the all-hazard approach is advancing to meet current and future threats. This development is fuelled by the need to integrate information, assessment, policies, capacities, and capabilities better.
 ==All-hazard approach in the EU==

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ==Background==
-The all-hazard approach has emerged in the field of disaster and emergency management and then spread to [[critical infrastructure|critical infrastructure protection]]. It has gained ground on the international scale (e.g. [http://training.fema.gov/AllHazards/FEMA], [http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/preparedness.shtm DHS], [http://www.ahcusa.org/ AHC], [http://www.icsm.gov.au/all-hazards/index.html ICSM], see also GAO 2005<ref>GAO (2005): HOMELAND SECURITY. DHS’ Efforts to Enhance First Responders’ All-Hazards Capabilities. Continue to Evolve. Report to the Chairman and Ranking Democratic Member, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. GAO-05-652 United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved from: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05652.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Commonwealth Australia 2009<ref>Commonwealth of Australia (2009): Australian Emergency Management Arrangements. Published by The Attorney-General’s Department. ISBN 978-1-921152-15-3.Retrieved from: http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Australian%20Emergency%20Management%20Arrangements.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Bullock et al. 2009<ref>Bullock Jane, Haddow George, Coppola Damon P., Yeletaysi Sarp (2009): Introduction to Homeland Security: Principles of All-Hazards Response. 3rd Ed. Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN: 978-1856175098</ref>) and, together with the [[comprehensive approach]] in [[security]] policies and European and national security research, has been advanced in order to meet current and future threats. The basis to meet this goal is better integration of information, assessment, policies, capacities and capabilities.
+The all-hazard approach began in the field of disaster and emergency management and then spread to [[critical infrastructure|critical infrastructure protection]]. It has gained ground on the international scale (e.g. [http://training.fema.gov/AllHazards/FEMA], [http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/preparedness.shtm DHS], [http://www.ahcusa.org/ AHC], [http://www.icsm.gov.au/all-hazards/index.html ICSM], see also GAO 2005<ref>GAO (2005): HOMELAND SECURITY. DHS’ Efforts to Enhance First Responders’ All-Hazards Capabilities. Continue to Evolve. Report to the Chairman and Ranking Democratic Member, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives. GAO-05-652 United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved from: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05652.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Commonwealth Australia 2009<ref>Commonwealth of Australia (2009): Australian Emergency Management Arrangements. Published by The Attorney-General’s Department. ISBN 978-1-921152-15-3.Retrieved from: http://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Australian%20Emergency%20Management%20Arrangements.pdf [2012-07-11].</ref>, Bullock et al. 2009<ref>Bullock Jane, Haddow George, Coppola Damon P., Yeletaysi Sarp (2009): Introduction to Homeland Security: Principles of All-Hazards Response. 3rd Ed. Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN: 978-1856175098</ref>) and, together with the [[comprehensive approach]] in [[security]] policies and European and national security research, has been advanced in order to meet current and future threats. The basis to meet this goal is better integration of information, assessment, policies, capacities and capabilities.
 ==All-hazard approach in the EU==

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 * Organisational threats, such as faults in the chain of command, communication structures or lack of supervision;
 * Technical threats such as metal fatigue, excessive corrosion or production errors;
-* Human threats, distinguisable in
+* Human threats, distinguisable in:
 ** Intentional human threats, including a large part of what consitutes crime, such as theft, sabotage and terrorism;
 ** Accidental human threats, such as human oversight, misinterpretation, distractedness or accidents resulting from bodily mishap (such as a driver suffering a heart attack).

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 ==Description==
-A threat or risk assessment may focus on specific types of threats, such as terrorism, or work safety. An assessment that aims to include all types of threat and generate a balanced overview, irrespective of where the risks may origin, is said to follow the ''all hazards'' approach. Threat types that are generally considered to be included to an all-hazard approach, include:
+A threat or risk assessment may focus on specific types of threats, such as terrorism, or work safety. An assessment follows the  ''all hazards'' approach if it aims to include all types of threat, irrespective of its origination, and generate a balanced overview. Threat types that are generally considered to be included to an all-hazard approach, include:
 * Natural threats, such as fire, flooding, earthquakes or lightning;
 * Organisational threats, such as faults in the chain of command, communication structures or lack of supervision;

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 [[Category:Safety]]
 [[Category:Threat]]
+An '''all-hazard approach''' is the inclusion of all possible threat types in a threat or risk assessment.
-The '''all-hazard approach''' is a generalized framework for [[Crisis management cycle|mitigating, preparing for and responding to]] a wide range of disasters, emergencies and security [[threat|threats]], irrespective of the nature of the event. "All-hazards" can be seen as part of a [[comprehensive approach]]. It comprises:
-* [[Natural threat|natural]] (e.g. flooding, earthquakes etc.),
+==Description==
-* man-made (e.g. industrial accidents, [[technical failure]], [[human failure]]) and
+A threat or risk assessment may focus on particular types of threats, such as terrorism, or work safety. An assessment that aims to include all types of threat and generate a balanced overview, irrespective of where the risks may origin, is said to follow the ''all hazards'' approach. Threat types that are generally considered to be included to an all-hazard approach, include:
-* intentional (e.g. [[Urban terrorism|terrorism]], organized [[crime]], cyber threats etc.; see also [[human intent]])
+* Natural threats, such as fire, flooding, earthquakes or lightning;
-hazards and threats.
+* Organisational threats, such as faults in the chain of command, communication structures or lack of supervision;
+* Technical threats such as metal fatigue, excessive corrosion or production errors;
+* Human threats, distinguisable in
+** Intentional human threats, including a large part of what consitutes crime, such as theft, sabotage and terrorism;
+** Accidental human threats, such as human oversight, misinterpretation, distractedness or bodily mishap.
 ==Background==
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 The EU follows an all-hazard approach in the [http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/fight_against_terrorism/l33260_en.htm European Program for Critical Infrastructure Protection (EPCIP)], and is aiming to using knowledge management principles and collecting a repertory of political, technological and other solutions. However, due to lack of common risk assessment standards, threats often remain underestimated.
-In its communication on the EU Internal Security Strategy, the European Commission<ref>European Commission (2010): COM(2010) 673 final. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. The EU Internal Security Strategy in Action: Five steps towards a more secure Europe: 8-11 Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/malmstrom/archive/internal_security_strategy_in_action_en.pdf [2011-08-09].</ref> calls for uniform risk analyses based on standardized criteria to establish a Common Risk Management Framework (CRMF), also including risk information and risk-based controls. Based on the Security Strategy<ref>Ibid.</ref> and the Communications on the Prevention of Natural and Man-made Disasters<ref>Commission of the European Communities (2009): COM(2009)82 final. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A Community approach on the prevention of natural and man-made disasters. {SEC(2009)202} {SEC(2009)203}. Retrieved from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0082:FIN:EN:PDF [ 2011-08-09].</ref>, the EC developed Risk Assessment und Mapping Guidelines for Disaster Management<ref>European Commission (2010): SEC(2010) 1626 final. Commission Staff Working Paper. Risk Assessment and Mapping Guidelines for Disaster Management. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/echo/civil_protection/civil/pdfdocs/prevention/COMM_PDF_SEC_2010_1626_F_staff_working_document_en.pdf [2011-08-09].</ref>. These guidelines are aimed to support Member States in their efforts and contributions to a European Risk Atlas and to serve as a further basis for an coherent all-hazard risk policy intended to be established by 2014.
+In its communication on the EU Internal Security Strategy, the European Commission<ref>European Commission (2010): COM(2010) 673 final. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. The EU Internal Security Strategy in Action: Five steps towards a more secure Europe: 8-11 Retrieved from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0673:FIN:EN:PDF [2013-08-14].</ref> calls for uniform risk analyses based on standardized criteria to establish a Common Risk Management Framework (CRMF), also including risk information and risk-based controls. Based on the Security Strategy<ref>Ibid.</ref> and the Communications on the Prevention of Natural and Man-made Disasters<ref>Commission of the European Communities (2009): COM(2009)82 final. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A Community approach on the prevention of natural and man-made disasters. {SEC(2009)202} {SEC(2009)203}. Retrieved from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0082:FIN:EN:PDF [ 2011-08-09].</ref>, the EC developed Risk Assessment und Mapping Guidelines for Disaster Management<ref>European Commission (2010): SEC(2010) 1626 final. Commission Staff Working Paper. Risk Assessment and Mapping Guidelines for Disaster Management. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/echo/civil_protection/civil/pdfdocs/prevention/COMM_PDF_SEC_2010_1626_F_staff_working_document_en.pdf [2011-08-09].</ref>. These guidelines are aimed to support Member States in their efforts and contributions to a European Risk Atlas and to serve as a further basis for an coherent all-hazard risk policy intended to be established by 2014.
 ==Relevance for urban planning==