Stakeholders

Stakeholders are actors with a specific interest (which may be expressed or not) in the development of an objective, policy or measure. So stakeholders include a wide array of public and private organisations (municipalities and authorities, universities and institutes, associations, enterprises, chambers etc.), individuals (politicians, experts etc), and the media and, of course, the public (citizens and visitors to the city or urban area). Stakeholders can be organisations or individuals. There can be simple reasoning applied to identify stakeholders (see below), and there are practical steps to progress and encourage stakeholder involvement, which can include processes such as activating opinion surveys.

How to identify stakeholders
Stakeholders may be identified by checking (groups) of people against the following interest categories:
 * Proximity - People who live, work or spend time in or near to an area which may be affected;
 * Economic - People whose business, livelihood, property value or cost of living may be affected;
 * Use - People who use or may use facilities which will be affected;
 * Social/Environmental - People who may be affected by secondary impacts;
 * Values - People who have a moral, religious or political interest in the project or its effects;
 * Legal mandates - People who are legally required to be involved in the process.