Retail and commercial services

Retail and commercial services are urban objects, designated for the purpose of housing economic activities that fulfil the role of goods and commercial service provision. Examples include shops, restaurants, credit unions, etc.

Description
Retail and commercial service activities are very important drivers of economic activity within urban areas. Retail services usually become clustered within a specific area, offering wide ranging services to consumers, and attracting significant footfall. Retail services which may be offered will range from the sale and supply of consumer goods and products, to the provision of social activities such as bars and restaurants. Retail and services activities will typically occur in one of three primary contexts:

These contexts within which retail and commercial services activities occur represent three different urban characters. They are representative to facilitate the reader in determining what applies to his/her unique and specific situation.

In the text below, any of these three icons will be used whenever an observation is specific to one or more of the above mentioned archetypes.

Social
The retail sector plays a major role in attracting people to cities, towns, and villages - thus contributing to the overall economic vitality of those centres and supporting their role as centres of social and business interaction in the community. Retail use facilitates consumer spending that is an important component of a developing economy (see economic function below). This land use is also strongly grounded in social interaction and socio-cultural needs. A key component of a high quality urban environment is the provision of a range of high quality easily accessible retail facilities.

Retail planning guidance advocates a sequential approach to locate retail development in the town centre. Starting from the centre outwards, allowing retail development on edge of centre or out of centre locations only if all other options for retail development in the centre have been exhausted. However, in recent decades large retail centres have risen at the edge of towns due to the superior acces by road infrastructure. The number of retail outlet per 100 households or the quantum of retail floor space per capita is a common indicator of retail performance used by urban planners.

A number of studies demonstrate the social function of shops, such as for the Netherlands:

"In the run-up to the opening of the 2600th post office, PostNL carried out research into the social function of local shops. The research...has shown that people are still receiving personal service quite literally around the corner from where they live. For almost a quarter of the respondents social contact was the main reason for continuing to visit the shop around the corner. Despite the increasing popularity of internet shopping, 98% of Dutch people still find it important that there are shops close to where they live. Almost everyone visits a local shop at least once a week. A quarter of those questioned even visit on a daily basis. The fact that the shop is close by was given as the main reason for the number of visits (56%). Where daily grocery shopping in particular is concerned, the Dutch still prefer using supermarkets or specialist shops. The atmosphere (22%), as well as being able to view the range of goods (62%) and being able to touch them (55%) were determining factors.."

The retail core of urban locations can very often draw large numbers of people along the shopping streets and within the stores and shopping centres. This heavy footfall and large crowds have obvious implications from a safety and security perspective. These implications are often addressed by environmental design. A common example is the designing out approach. Design can reduce insecurity and increase security by addressing the underlying causes, as well as the types of behaviour that lead to insecurity, such as crime.

In the case of retail and commercial-type urban objects, we can expect that the perceived direct benefit of such an infrastructure increase citizens’ felt risks to that infrastructure and needs to protect, including security-enhancing measures. Since we know that citizens’ felt risks to urban infrastructure and needs to protect can be influenced by its ownership structure (public vs. private owners; domestic/foreign owners), we can also expect that retail-type resilience enhancing of urban infrastructure has high social relevance.

Those aspects show how important it is to involve citizens in related urban-object risk assessment. VITRUV identified a set of practical methods for such citizen participation.

Economic
The retail and services industry is one of the largest private-sectors in terms of jobs and GDP, but the economic impact of the retail industry extends beyond the industry itself. First of all, retail and services require inputs from various other sectors such as real estate, finance, marketing, transportation, wholesale trade for its operations (the secondary economic impact). Additionally, employees and owners will generate economic spin-off as consumers of goods and services (the induced economic effects). These economic impacts can be estimated with the help of economic tools/techniques.

In terms of the location of retail space, the urban planner needs to ensure retail use is located in the appropriate location and having regard to population catchment and adjoining uses. From an economic perspective, urban planners think along the lines of locating retail to be conducive to urban sustainability, encourage investment and growth, and reaching population targets for the city (good retail is a good draw towards successful and competitive mixed-use urban commercial centres). A sequential approach is promoted: city centre, edge of centre, out of town retail space. Spillover damage by out of town locations, monopolistic dominance of too-large centres relative to their catchment, floor space caps to control retail development, etc. are all important considerations for the urban planner.

Retailers have to deal with a wide array of issues and problems in terms of security threats and their economic impact. In economic terms, shoplifting is widely considered to be one of the most serious of these threats. Moreover, retailers spent billions on loss prevention, and these costs are steadily increasing worldwide. On top of that, there is also the chance for terrorist events, e.g. in shopping centres.

Preventive measures such as surveillance, physical security, etc. reduce the costs of retail crime, but demand significant investments (for security measures). Apart from the more traditional security measures, the ‘designing out’ or 'sustainable design' approach in the earliest stages in the planning process can be in the long run an effective measure from an economic point of view to prevent security threats and reduce the economic damage.

Case example: Assessing security measures protecting shopping centres from terrorist events "In order to improve the safety of shopping centres against terrorist threats, the American RAND corporation(an American non-profit research institute specialised in security science) assessed almost 40 different security options in terms of their (cost-) effectiveness. The cost of these selected security measures were estimated in terms of annual cost in terms of labour ($10 per hour), equipment costs, consultancy costs, maintenance costs, lost rental income, etc. The risk effectiveness was determined with the help of value estimates based on multiple factors and the notion that 'deterrence effectiveness' is of much more relevance than for instance 'mitigation effectiveness' because you want to prevent a terrorist attack to happen or find some other target, instead of limiting the amount of casualties. One of the most striking results of the model is that the relatively inexpensive security measures such as suspicious packing reporting, access control, bollards at entrances, and clearly labelled exits, contribute most to the risk reduction. In addition, the RAND researchers conclude that some more visible security measures like scanning bags and coats during opening hours, detector portals, and vehicle inspection, are expected to have some negative secondary effects (e.g. time delays at the entrance) that may cause visitors to shop somewhere else. The researchers conclude that decisions about when and how to implement security measures will depend on the local situation and perceptions by local experts. The RAND-model can be a useful guidance about prioritising security measures."

Mobility
An important transportation issue concerning retail is retail logistics. Retail logistics includes the transportation of goods to the points of retail sales as well as to storage locations. Several security issues arise in retail logistics: more and more, especially urban deliveries, are made during the off-peak hours (including the early and late night). During these periods the driver is vulnerable for theft and vandalism activities. Next, for retail premises this requires unattended deliveries (because the deliveries are outside opening hours). As a result, the premises cannot inspect the deliveries (on condition and other amount) and the driver should be able to open (part) of the premise to deliver the goods.

Next, it also covers additional activities for door delivery of goods to the customers, i.e. home deliveries. One of the main issues in home deliveries of parcels, which are increasing due to the increase of e-commerce, is the relatively high number of unsuccessful deliveries due to the fact that addressees are not home at the time of delivery. Therefore, many parcels are delivered to neighbors, which in itself is a security issue for the addressee.

Finally, many of the retail locations are located at areas where vulnerable road users actually use the same infrastructure as delivering trucks. This results in relatively high risks for the safety of vulnerable road users.

Safety
Most generic safety requirements are also of importance for retail and commercial services. As commercial venues can sometimes be very busy, the ability for the people to get to safety in time in the event of an incident (Evacuation Management) can be an important safety aspect.

Security Issues
Commercial areas are more prone to certain types of crime than other urban objects.
 * Commercial burglary: Even though there are considerably fewer retail burglaries than residential burglaries, the risk of retail burglary per number of premises is very high. For example, in 2012, 12 percent of wholesale and retail establishments were burgled, compared with just 2 percent of residences . As for this form of crime the measures in a context of urban planning are very limited, it is not included as a security issue for the urban planner.
 * Shoplifting is a serious concern for shops. A british survey found that stores lose as much to burglars as they do to shoplifters. As this problem is highly unrelated to the shape of the built environment, it is not included as a security issue for the urban planner.
 * Vandalism
 * Graffiti: The use of metal roller-shutters have proven effective against burglary, but can have a negative effect on the street scene, and are susceptible to graffiti .Garage door graffiti-vandalism.jpg
 * Vehicle theft : The use of (particularly large, unattended) parking lots can attract vehicle thieves.
 * Ram raid
 * Robbery : The common presence of ATM machines in commercial areas can attract robbers who rob people who just withdrew money, or they can force people to withdraw money and then rob them of it.
 * Pickpocketing can be a problem in commercial areas, especially when they are busy and distractive.

Measures

 * Directing traffic flows can be effective against ram-raid. Particularly the use of vehicle security barriers, such as Bollards and the use of indirect routes (link) reduce the accessibility of the store for ramming it with vehicles.
 * Target hardening can greatly increase the effort needed for criminals to enter the object and thereby reduce the attractiveness of an object. The use of rollershutters can reduce the risk of burglary. It will also increase the risk of graffiti.
 * Surveillance can be effective against security issues, but can incur high costs if implemented as dedicated observers, either on location or remote. A more natural form of surveillance is surveillance by the inhabitants (also known as 'natural surveillance'), provided that the commercial area is inhabited and the inhabitants have a good surveillability.
 * Intervention force is needed to make detection measures, such as alarms or surveillance effective.
 * Target removal can be effective with each of above-mentioned security issues.
 * Commercial burglary can be reduced by providing means of easily removing the valuables from the store at night.
 * Vandalism and graffiti can be reduced by avoiding features that could attract these forms of crime from the area, such as blank and reachable walls or easily accessible and damaged street furniture or bus shelters.
 * Facilitating compliance can prevent littering by providing ample waste bins, which can act as a crime motivator for vandalism, graffiti and other crimes.
 * Ownership is an important aspect in the prevention of unauthorized entry by creating a clear distinction between public and private space. By providing a clear distinction between public and private property, unwanted entry is prevented which reduces the number of opportunities for crime.
 * Maintenance and designing for easy maintenance can be used as the removal of a crime motivator, as deterioration can be an incentive to various forms of crime.
 * Removal of crime motivators ensures the separation of perpetrators, their incentives and opportunities, Such as the prevention of blank, reachable and highly visible walls to prevent graffiti.